Gender, Political Participation and Democratic Governance in Rural Nigerian Communities
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Abstract
Issues around gender and politics have gained the attention of scholars globally. This paper explores how gender influences patterns of political participation in rural Nigerian communities. It also interrogates how residents of rural areas in Nigeria assess democratic governance. In accomplishing the objectives of this study, a mixed-method which comprises survey and focus group discussion was adopted. Findings of the study reveal that women in the rural communities participate actively in party politics regardless of the biases against them. Findings further reveal significant relationship between age (β = 7.221, df=1), gender (β χ2= 3.891, df=1), marital status (β =4.758, df=1) and political participation. Political engagements in rural areas are highly commoditized and have been dubbed a means of livelihood, a factor that has increased party membership in recent years. Even with this development, the study shows that choice of candidates during election is based on personal convictions and sometimes, communal needs. The study recommends that government should give unflinching support and show more commitment to the needs of the rural communities most especially by providing basic amenities and other infrastructure that are germane to having a good life. Politics should be devoid of gender biases and dispositions that are likely to dissuade women from participating actively in politics should be discouraged.
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Adewale, O. C., Olayinka Babatunde Adebogun, Timothy Ekeledirichukwu Onyejelem, Jerry Ajeyet Gankon, & Muhammad Ridwan. (2025). Gender, Political Participation and Democratic Governance in Rural Nigerian Communities. SIASAT, 10(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v10i1.194
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References
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Chitongo, L., & Ojogiwa, O. T. (2021). The Efficacy of Women Participation in Governance and Development: The Case of Nigeria. Gender and Behaviour, 19(2), 17982-17992.
Efeurhobo, D. O., &egbon, T. N. (2023). The challenges of democratic governance and educational development in Nigeria. Management, 5(2), 127-135.
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Hile, M. M., Msughter, A. E., & Aliyu, M. A. (2023). Secularism and Ethical Issues in Media Practice as a Bane for National Development. SIASAT, 8(3), 166-177.
Idris, M. K., & Msughter, A. E. (2022). Sources of Information on National Issues among Border Communities in Yobe State, Nigeria. ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 6(1), 22-47.
INEC and FES. (2011). Voter apathy and the 2011 Elections in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/08931.pdf
Itiafa, A. L., & Msughter, A. E. (2022). Chapter sixteen utilisation of social media for political participation amongst undergraduates of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Bayero University, Kano. Thoughts on, 180.
Lust-Orkar, E. (2007). Election under Authoritarian: Parliamentary Lesson from Jordan. Democratization 13 (3), 57-69.
Meaadowcroft, J.M., and Fitzpatrick, M.A. (1988). Theories of Family Communication in Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes.Sage.
Mojubaolu, O.O. and Zakiya, A.S. (2007). Women’s Political Participation in Nigeria 2007 General Elections. Book Builders.
Msughter, A. E. (2019). Good governance and accountability: an assessment of the media’s role in achieving transparency in the 2019 general elections in Nigeria. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos, 4(7).
Msughter, A. E. (2024). Comparative Study of Hate Speech in the 2015 and 2019 General Elections in Three Selected Newspapers in Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 00219096231224693.
Msughter, A. E., & Pate, H. A. (2021). National interest, freedom of expression and the Nigerian press in contemporary democratic context. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos, 6(11).
Msughter, A. E., Hile, M. M., & Bappa, F. S. (2022). Have you Heard What They Are Doing to Women? Media Portrayal of Female Celebrities in Nigerian Press. Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial, 9(2), 186-197.
Msughter, A. E., Maradun, L. U., & Liman, A. M. (2021). Media Narratives in Reflections on Good Governance and Accountability in Nigeria. GSJ, 9(11).
Nkwede, J. O. (2019). Political parties, citizen participation and voter behaviour in Africa: A study of Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 152(1), 83-92.
Obani, E. F., & Odalonu, B. H. (2019). Election and voting behavior in Nigeria. South-East COEASU Journal of Teacher Education, 5(1), 122-131.
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Oduntan, A. A., Ademola, A. Z. E. E. Z., &Temidayo, O. L. A. D. I. P. O. (2023). Vote buying: A critical election risk factor in Nigeria. Res Militaris, 13(3), 2202-2211.
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Okaiyeto, S. A. O., Oluwadele, M. S., & Bolutife, L. (2021). Youth perception on the importance of voting during elections in Nigeria. New Media and Mass Communication, 95, 75-80.
Oko, U. and Oguud, F. M. (2010). The impact of political socialization on political participation – a Nigerian viewpoint. Continental Journal of Social Sciences. 3(2): 44 – 49.
Okunade, B. A., Adediran, F. E., Balogun, O. D., Maduka, C. P., Adegoke, A. A., &Daraojimba, R. E. (2023). Gender policies and women’s empowerment in nigeria: an analytical review of progress and barriers. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 5(10), 543-565.
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Omotayo, F., &Folorunso, M. B. (2020). Use of social media for political participation by youths. JeDEM-eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 12(1), 132-157.
Onapajo, H. (2016). Politics and the Pulpit: The rise and decline of religion in Nigeria’s 2015 presidential elections. Journal of African Elections, 15(2), 112-135.
Oni, S., Oni, A. A., Ibietan, J., &Deinde-Adedeji, G. O. (2020). E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-12
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Orisadare, M. A. (2019). An assessment of the role of women group in women political participation, and economic development in Nigeria. Frontiers in Sociology, 4(52), 1-7
Othman, M. F., &Okpe, V. V. (2021). Assessment of political participation and democratic governance in Nigeria’s fourth republic. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit, 29(1), 547-563.
Owens-Ibie, N., & Aondover, E. M. (2024). Hate postings on social media and peace imperatives in Nigeria. Legal challenges and political strategies in the post-truth era.
Oyewole, S., Shola Omotola, J. (2022). Democracy Without Demos!: Political Mobilisation, Public Opinion and Governance in Nigeria. In: Ibeanu, O., Okoye, I., Alumona, I.M., Aniche, E.T. (eds) Anonymous Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6058-0_13
Oyoru, R. A. (2023). An assessment of factors responsible for low voter turnout in Nigeria: A literature review. Kashere Journal of Politics and International Relations, 1(1), 297-303
Ozohu-Suleiman A. (2016). Democracy, Good Governance and Development in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research. 8(7): 80-88.
PLAC (2018). Women’s political representation in Nigeria: Why progress is slow, what can be done to fast track it. http://www.plalng.orf.
Singal, M. (2014). Role of media in society. Random Publications.
Udende, P. (2011). Mass media, political awareness and voting behaviour in the Nigeria’s 2011 Presidential Election. ACCE paper presented at Covenant University, 20-22nd Sept, 2011 :(493-501).
Vitalis, P. O., Aondover, E. M., Ogunbola, O., Onyejelem, T. E., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Accessing Digital Divide and Implications in Nigeria: The Media Dimension. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 8(1), 1-12.
Yar’Adua, S. M., Msughter, A. E., & Aliyu, M. A. (2023). Original Paper Modernization, Marxist, Dependency and Alternative Theories of Development Communication: A Critical Review.
Yar’Adua, S. M., Msughter, A. E., & Garba, S. (2023). Media and National Development in Democratic Societies. Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics, 3(3), 105-115.
Adeleke, R. (2021). Digital divide in Nigeria: The role of regional differentials. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(3), 333-346.
Adewale, A. R. (2011). The political, economic and social dynamics of Nigeria: A synopsis. AISA Policy Briefing, (39).
Adigun, O. W. (2020). The factors determining voter turnouts in presidential elections in Nigeria: Multivariate correlation analysis of the 2019 presidential election. Open political science, 3(1), 11-33.
Aina, O. I. (2012). Two halves make a whole: Gender at the crossroads of the Nigerian development agenda
Airaoje, O. K., Obada, A. A., & Msughter, A. E. (2023). A Critical Review on Gender Based Violence in Nigeria: Media Dimension. Humanities, 3(2), 9-16.
Aliyu, M. A., Msughter, A. E., & Nneka, A. Q. (2023). Comparative Study of National Development Plans in Nigeria and India: Media Dimension. SIASAT, 8(4), 202-212.
Aluko, M.A.O. & Ajani, O.A. (2006). Factors militating against women participation in politics. In F.A. Oyekanmi,. and O. Soyombo. (Eds.), Society and governance: The quest for legitimacy in Nigeria. (138-156). Department of Sociology, UNILAG.
Aluko, O. I., &Sayuti, U. (2016). Visiting the hippopotamus: National integration issues in Nigeria. Romanian Journal of Regional Science. 10(1), 68-85.
Aondover, E. M., Hile,M. M. & Yar’Adua, S. M. (2023). Ethical Issues and Insecurity in Africa: The Media Dimension. Konfrontasi Journal: Culture, Economy and Social Changes, 10 (2), 58-68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v10i2.272.
Aondover, E. M., Tosin, Y. A. N., Akin-Odukoya, O. O., Onyejelem, T. E., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Exploring the Application of Social Media in Governance in Nigeria. SIASAT, 10(1), 30-43.
Aondover, P. O., Aondover, E. M., & Babele, A. M. (2022). Two nations, same technology, different outcomes: Analysis of technology application in Africa and America. Journal of Educational Research and Review, 1(1), 001-008.
Arisukwu, O., Igbolekwu, C., Oye, J., Oyeyipo, E., Asamu, F., Rasak, B., &Oyekola, I. (2020). Community participation in crime prevention and control in rural Nigeria. Heliyon, 6(9), 1-7
Ashindorbe, K., &Danjibo, N. (2022). Two decades of democracy in Nigeria. Journal of African Elections, 21(2) 168-183
Awofeso, O. &Odeyemi, T.I. (2014). Gender and Political Participation in Nigeria: A Cultural Perspective. Journal of Research in Peace, Gender and Development. 4(6), 104-110.
Azoro, C. J., Onah, C. A., & Agulefo, Q. O. (2021). Weak institutions and poor governance in nigeria: a socio-legal perspective. African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration, 4(2), 61-70.
Bisong, P. B., &Asira, A. E. (2020). Consolidating the Gains and Reshaping the Future of Democracy in Nigeria. PINISI Discretion Review, 4(1), 33-42.
Byron, I. P. (2024). Bridging the gap on gender inequality and sustaining the political participation of women in Nigeria. African Journal of Law and Human Rights, 8(1), 7-14
Chigbu, U. E., & Antonio, D. (2019). Rural-urban inter-relationships in an urbanising world: the literature perspective of Nigeria. FIG Working Week, Hanoi, 22-26.
Chitongo, L., & Ojogiwa, O. T. (2021). The Efficacy of Women Participation in Governance and Development: The Case of Nigeria. Gender and Behaviour, 19(2), 17982-17992.
Efeurhobo, D. O., &egbon, T. N. (2023). The challenges of democratic governance and educational development in Nigeria. Management, 5(2), 127-135.
Egbuniwe, S. V. (2024). Low Women Participation in Politics: A Nigerian Assessment; 1999-2023.
Etim, N. A., Urama, C. E., Mohammed, J., &Asa, U. A. (2023). The nexus between democratic governance and sustainable development in Nigeria. African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 9(2), 138-154.
Falade, D.A. (2014). Political Participation in Nigerian Democracy: A Study of Some Selected Local Government Areas in Ondo State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human-Social Science for Political Science. 14(8): 16-23.
Folarin, S. (2021). Corruption, politics and governance in Nigeria. Nigerian politics, 377-394.
García del Horno, R., Rico, G., & Hernández, E. (2024). Do they feel like they don’t matter? The rural-urban divide in external political efficacy. West European Politics, 47(7), 1447-1472.
Hile, M. M., Msughter, A. E., & Aliyu, M. A. (2023). Secularism and Ethical Issues in Media Practice as a Bane for National Development. SIASAT, 8(3), 166-177.
Idris, M. K., & Msughter, A. E. (2022). Sources of Information on National Issues among Border Communities in Yobe State, Nigeria. ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 6(1), 22-47.
INEC and FES. (2011). Voter apathy and the 2011 Elections in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/08931.pdf
Itiafa, A. L., & Msughter, A. E. (2022). Chapter sixteen utilisation of social media for political participation amongst undergraduates of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Bayero University, Kano. Thoughts on, 180.
Lust-Orkar, E. (2007). Election under Authoritarian: Parliamentary Lesson from Jordan. Democratization 13 (3), 57-69.
Meaadowcroft, J.M., and Fitzpatrick, M.A. (1988). Theories of Family Communication in Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes.Sage.
Mojubaolu, O.O. and Zakiya, A.S. (2007). Women’s Political Participation in Nigeria 2007 General Elections. Book Builders.
Msughter, A. E. (2019). Good governance and accountability: an assessment of the media’s role in achieving transparency in the 2019 general elections in Nigeria. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos, 4(7).
Msughter, A. E. (2024). Comparative Study of Hate Speech in the 2015 and 2019 General Elections in Three Selected Newspapers in Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 00219096231224693.
Msughter, A. E., & Pate, H. A. (2021). National interest, freedom of expression and the Nigerian press in contemporary democratic context. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos, 6(11).
Msughter, A. E., Hile, M. M., & Bappa, F. S. (2022). Have you Heard What They Are Doing to Women? Media Portrayal of Female Celebrities in Nigerian Press. Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial, 9(2), 186-197.
Msughter, A. E., Maradun, L. U., & Liman, A. M. (2021). Media Narratives in Reflections on Good Governance and Accountability in Nigeria. GSJ, 9(11).
Nkwede, J. O. (2019). Political parties, citizen participation and voter behaviour in Africa: A study of Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 152(1), 83-92.
Obani, E. F., & Odalonu, B. H. (2019). Election and voting behavior in Nigeria. South-East COEASU Journal of Teacher Education, 5(1), 122-131.
Odo, L. U. (2015). Democracy, good governance, and development in Nigeria: the challenges of leadership. IOSR-JHSS: IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(6), 01-09.
Oduntan, A. A., Ademola, A. Z. E. E. Z., &Temidayo, O. L. A. D. I. P. O. (2023). Vote buying: A critical election risk factor in Nigeria. Res Militaris, 13(3), 2202-2211.
Ogbo, E., Brown, T., & Sicker, D. (2017). Understanding mobile service substitution and the urban-rural Digital Divide in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2944367
Ogbogu, C. O. (2012). The role of women in politics and in the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(18), 182-191
Ojukwu, U. G., Mazi-Mbah, C. C. and Maduekwe, V.C. (2019). Elections and democratic consolidation: A study of 2019 general elections in Nigeria. Direct Research Journal. 6(4), 53-64.
Okaiyeto, S. A. O., Oluwadele, M. S., & Bolutife, L. (2021). Youth perception on the importance of voting during elections in Nigeria. New Media and Mass Communication, 95, 75-80.
Oko, U. and Oguud, F. M. (2010). The impact of political socialization on political participation – a Nigerian viewpoint. Continental Journal of Social Sciences. 3(2): 44 – 49.
Okunade, B. A., Adediran, F. E., Balogun, O. D., Maduka, C. P., Adegoke, A. A., &Daraojimba, R. E. (2023). Gender policies and women’s empowerment in nigeria: an analytical review of progress and barriers. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 5(10), 543-565.
Olaniyi, J. O. (2017). State Independent Electoral Commissions and local government elections in Nigeria. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 5(1), 10.
Omotayo, F. O., & Adekunle, O. A. (2021). Adoption and use of electronic voting system as an option towards credible elections in Nigeria. International Journal of Development Issues, 20(1), 38-61.
Omotayo, F., &Folorunso, M. B. (2020). Use of social media for political participation by youths. JeDEM-eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 12(1), 132-157.
Onapajo, H. (2016). Politics and the Pulpit: The rise and decline of religion in Nigeria’s 2015 presidential elections. Journal of African Elections, 15(2), 112-135.
Oni, S., Oni, A. A., Ibietan, J., &Deinde-Adedeji, G. O. (2020). E-consultation and the quest for inclusive governance in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-12
Onyekachi, J. (2016). Structural defect in local government re-organization in Ebonyi State Nigeria: Implications on grass root democratic development. Review of Public Administration and Management, 4(2), 1-8.
Orisadare, M. A. (2019). An assessment of the role of women group in women political participation, and economic development in Nigeria. Frontiers in Sociology, 4(52), 1-7
Othman, M. F., &Okpe, V. V. (2021). Assessment of political participation and democratic governance in Nigeria’s fourth republic. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit, 29(1), 547-563.
Owens-Ibie, N., & Aondover, E. M. (2024). Hate postings on social media and peace imperatives in Nigeria. Legal challenges and political strategies in the post-truth era.
Oyewole, S., Shola Omotola, J. (2022). Democracy Without Demos!: Political Mobilisation, Public Opinion and Governance in Nigeria. In: Ibeanu, O., Okoye, I., Alumona, I.M., Aniche, E.T. (eds) Anonymous Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6058-0_13
Oyoru, R. A. (2023). An assessment of factors responsible for low voter turnout in Nigeria: A literature review. Kashere Journal of Politics and International Relations, 1(1), 297-303
Ozohu-Suleiman A. (2016). Democracy, Good Governance and Development in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research. 8(7): 80-88.
PLAC (2018). Women’s political representation in Nigeria: Why progress is slow, what can be done to fast track it. http://www.plalng.orf.
Singal, M. (2014). Role of media in society. Random Publications.
Udende, P. (2011). Mass media, political awareness and voting behaviour in the Nigeria’s 2011 Presidential Election. ACCE paper presented at Covenant University, 20-22nd Sept, 2011 :(493-501).
Vitalis, P. O., Aondover, E. M., Ogunbola, O., Onyejelem, T. E., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Accessing Digital Divide and Implications in Nigeria: The Media Dimension. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 8(1), 1-12.
Yar’Adua, S. M., Msughter, A. E., & Aliyu, M. A. (2023). Original Paper Modernization, Marxist, Dependency and Alternative Theories of Development Communication: A Critical Review.
Yar’Adua, S. M., Msughter, A. E., & Garba, S. (2023). Media and National Development in Democratic Societies. Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics, 3(3), 105-115.