The Paradox of the Servant King: Kenosis, Pastoral Praxis, and Christological Mystery in John MacArthur and R. C. Sproul
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Abstract
This study examines the doctrine of kenosis through the theological perspectives of John MacArthur and R. C. Sproul by adopting a comparative, empirical, and theological approach. Derived from the Greek term κένωσις, meaning “self-emptying” or “voluntary humiliation,” kenosis finds its primary biblical foundation in Philippians 2:5–11, where Christ is portrayed as voluntarily humbling Himself by assuming human nature while remaining fully divine. The research is situated within the framework of contemporary Reformed Christology and aims to analyze the convergences, divergences, and doctrinal implications of MacArthur’s and Sproul’s interpretations. The methodology employed is qualitative, analytical, and documentary in nature. The study is based on the examination of theological writings, biblical commentaries, sermons, and lectures produced by both authors. Major theological references, including Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, and classical Christological traditions, are also incorporated in order to situate the discussion within broader contemporary theological debates. The collected data were analyzed through a comparative thematic method designed to identify the principal doctrinal categories related to kenosis. The findings reveal that MacArthur and Sproul share several fundamental theological convictions the full divinity of Christ during the incarnation, the voluntary nature of kenosis, and its central role in the economy of salvation. Nevertheless, important differences emerge regarding their theological emphases. MacArthur primarily develops a pastoral and ethical interpretation of kenosis, emphasizing humility, obedience, and the imitation of Christ in Christian life. Sproul, on the other hand, places greater emphasis on the Christological and soteriological mystery of the incarnation, highlighting the dynamic relationship between humiliation and glorification. The study concludes that kenosis is a multidimensional theological concept integrating Christology, soteriology, spirituality, ecclesiology, and Christian ethics. It remains a crucial resource for contemporary theological reflection as well as for the pastoral and spiritual life of the Church.
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